Must-Visit Assos in Turkey: Where Greek History Meets Turkish Charm

Assos in Turkey stands as one of the most historically significant ancient cities, founded between 1000 and 900 BC by Aeolian colonists from Lesbos. Perched dramatically on the Aegean coastline, this remarkable archaeological treasure offers you a perfect blend of breathtaking views and profound historical depth that spans nearly three millennia.

When you're wondering where Assos in Turkey is located, you'll find it situated along the picturesque Adramyttian Gulf, where it once served as the only good harbor along 80 kilometers of coastline. Notably, this ancient city attracted some of history's greatest minds, including Aristotle, who spent three years teaching at the Academy of Assos between 348 and 345 BC. Additionally, the imposing Temple of Athena, dating back to 530 BC, sits majestically atop a dormant volcano. In recognition of its extraordinary historical significance, Assos earned a place on UNESCO's Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in 2017.

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A Brief History of Assos

The ancient settlement of Assos boasts a rich historical tapestry spanning over three millennia, making it one of Turkey's most fascinating archaeological sites.

Greek origins and early settlement

The history of Assos traces back to the Bronze Age, with evidence suggesting the site was inhabited well before its formal founding. Ancient texts mention the Bronze Age cities of Assuwa (in Hittite texts) and Pedasos (in Homer's Iliad), both possibly referring to early Assos.

The city formally emerged as a Greek settlement between 1000 and 900 BC, established by Aeolian colonists who crossed the narrow strait from the island of Lesbos. According to historical sources, these settlers specifically came from Methymna on Lesbos.

Throughout the 6th century BC, Assos fell under Lydian control before being incorporated into the Persian Empire after the Lydian Kingdom's destruction by Persian King Cyrus II. Subsequently, during the 5th century BC, the city joined the Athenian Confederacy but later returned to Persian rule in the early 4th century.

Aristotle's time and the Academy

Assos reached its golden age during the 4th century BC under the rule of Hermias, a former slave who had studied at Plato's Academy in Athens. After gaining control of the city around 350 BC, Hermias invited fellow philosophers and scientists to establish a philosophical school.

Most significantly, in 348 BC, following Plato's death, Aristotle accepted Hermias' invitation and traveled to Assos. During his three-year stay, Aristotle founded an Academy where he led a group of philosophers in groundbreaking studies on zoology and biology. Furthermore, during this period, he married Pythia, Hermias' niece, strengthening his connection to the city.

This intellectual flowering ended abruptly in 345 BC when the Persians regained control of Assos and tortured Hermias to death. Thereafter, Aristotle fled to Macedonia, where he became tutor to the young Alexander the Great.

Roman and Byzantine influence

In 334 BC, Alexander the Great liberated Assos from Persian control. The city later became the birthplace of Cleanthes, who succeeded Zeno of Citium as head of the Stoic school of philosophy in Athens. Between 241 and 133 BC, Assos prospered under the Kings of Pergamon before being absorbed into the expanding Roman Empire.

Christian history marks Assos as a site visited by St. Paul during his third missionary journey (53-57 AD). According to the Book of Acts, Paul traveled by foot from Troas to Assos, where he rejoined his companions who had gone ahead by ship.

Throughout the Byzantine era, Assos—then called Machram—remained an important provincial center for regional and interregional trade. Historians believe the modern name "Behram" evolved from this Byzantine designation.

Ottoman legacy and modern rediscovery

The Turkish conquest of Assos occurred in the early 14th century. Two significant Ottoman structures remain from this period: the Hüdavendigar Mosque and Bridge, both dating to the second half of the 14th century. The mosque stands near the ancient temple site on the hilltop, while the bridge lies off the road to Ayvacık.

Recent archaeological work has uncovered more Ottoman treasures. In 2023, excavations revealed a well-preserved 14th-century bathhouse near the acropolis, behind the mosque built during Sultan Murad I's reign. Despite its modest size, archaeologist Nurettin Arslan describes it as "exceptionally well-preserved" and "a valuable model of early Ottoman architecture".

The harbor of Assos maintained its commercial importance until the 18th century, serving as a crucial trading port for Valonea oak cortices. In recognition of its exceptional historical significance spanning multiple civilizations, Assos was inscribed on UNESCO's Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in 2017.

How to Get to Assos and Around

Reaching the picturesque Assos in Turkey requires some planning, yet every mile of the journey offers memorable experiences. Whether you're arriving by plane, car, or boat, here's everything you need to know about making your way to this ancient coastal gem.

By air: nearest airports and transfers

The closest airport to Assos is Mytilini (MJT) on Lesbos Island, situated approximately 33.8 miles away. Other nearby options include Edremit (EDO) at 36.6 miles, Chios (JKH) at 80.4 miles, and Izmir (ADB) at 94.5 miles. For international travelers, experts generally recommend flying into Izmir Airport, as it offers more frequent connections.

From Izmir Airport, the journey to Assos takes roughly 5.5 hours via a combination of train, bus, and taxi. Alternatively, Çanakkale serves as the nearest small airport option for domestic flights within Turkey.

Professional airport transfers are available 24/7 throughout the year, with private transportation services offering competitive rates. These services typically include various vehicle options from sedans to minibuses based on your group size and needs.

By road: scenic drives and bus routes

The primary route to Assos involves taking a bus from either Çanakkale or Ayvalık. In most cases, you'll need to disembark at Ayvacık and switch to a minibus or taxi for the final 19-kilometer stretch into Assos itself.

The drive to Assos features winding mountain roads that, though steep and twisty, remain well-maintained. First-time visitors might initially find these routes intimidating, especially at the descent into Assos harbor, yet the panoramic views make every curve worthwhile. As one experienced traveler notes, "The road is steep and twisty but in good condition, don't know what damage was done to the road with the storm last year".

For those driving themselves, consider these practical tips:

• Drive slowly and enjoy the views
• Use a low gear when descending
• Avoid nighttime driving on unfamiliar mountain roads
• Turn off air conditioning when ascending steep sections to preserve engine power

By sea: ferry options from nearby islands

Maritime travel presents an atmospheric way to reach Assos, particularly from Greek islands. Regular ferry services connect Mytilene (Lesbos) to the Port of Ayvalık, with journey times ranging from 45 minutes to 1 hour 15 minutes depending on the vessel. From Ayvalık, Assos is accessible via a short drive.

Longer ferry journeys are possible from Athens, covering approximately 42 nautical miles (78 km). Additionally, ferry routes from mainland Greece typically operate year-round, with increased frequency during summer months.

Getting around locally: taxis and minibuses

Once in Assos, several transportation options help you explore the area. Local professional transfer services provide private hire vehicles throughout the Assos region. These include everything from standard taxis to luxury options with professional drivers familiar with the area.

Public minibuses connect Assos to surrounding villages and main roads, albeit with limited schedules. Typically, buses travel TO Assos around lunchtime and FROM the village in late afternoon. For instance, the bus from Argostoli to Assos departs at 10:00 daily with a return journey at 16:45.

Given these limited public transport options, many visitors opt for rental cars or private transfers for flexibility. As one local guide advises, "Assos to Fiskardo is about a 25-minute drive, likewise Assos to Ag Efimia is a similar time, Argostoli about 40 minutes". This flexibility allows for spontaneous exploration of the surrounding archaeological treasures and coastal landscapes that make this corner of Turkey so captivating.

Top Attractions in Assos

Wandering through the ancient city of Assos in Turkey presents you with remarkably preserved ruins that tell stories of a glorious past. From its hilltop temple to its seaside harbor, each attraction offers a unique glimpse into antiquity.

The Temple of Athena and the Acropolis

Crowning the Acropolis 238 meters above sea level stands the majestic Temple of Athena, dating back to 530 BC. As the only Doric-style temple in Asia Minor, this architectural marvel originally featured 38 columns, with six remaining today. The temple's strategic position offers breathtaking panoramic views extending to Lesbos island, Pergamum, and Mount Ida in the east. Many sculptural elements once adorning this sacred structure now reside in museums worldwide, including the Louver.

Ancient theater and agora

Nestled on the southern slopes below the Acropolis lies the well-preserved 3rd-century BC theater, ingeniously built into the hillside. This impressive structure once accommodated approximately 5,000 spectators and continues to offer spectacular views of the Aegean Sea. Nearby, the agora served as the commercial and social hub of ancient Assos, featuring two colonnaded stoas that functioned as shopping centers. The northern stoa stretched nearly 380 feet in length and rose two stories high, while the smaller southern stoa overlooked the theater.

City walls and main gate

Among Assos's most impressive features are its remarkably preserved 4th-century BC city walls. Extending nearly two miles around the ancient city, these massive defensive structures were constructed using cut stones without mortar. The western main gate, flanked by towers rising approximately 14 meters (46 feet) high, remains an imposing entrance. Walking through this monumental gateway takes you along the ancient street once lined with tombs.

Assos Castle and Ottoman mosque

On the Acropolis near the Temple of Athena stands a small Ottoman mosque, representing a later chapter in Assos's multilayered history. This structure serves as a reminder of the city's continued importance through different eras and civilizations.

Harbor area and beach promenade

At the base of the steep hillside lies the charming harbor of Assos. This small port features a narrow pebbly beach bordered by converted stone warehouses now housing guesthouses and waterfront restaurants. The road connecting the harbor to the Acropolis is notably steep with sheer drops, yet remains busy with visitors traveling between these two distinct parts of Assos.

Best Time to Visit Assos

Timing your visit to Assos in Turkey can significantly impact your experience at this ancient coastal gem, as seasonal variations affect everything from comfort to crowds.

Spring and autumn for mild weather

For general outdoor activities in Assos in Turkey, the ideal times are from late April to late June and early September to mid-October, with peak conditions occurring in the last week of May. These shoulder seasons offer pleasantly mild temperatures ranging from 13-23°C (55-73°F) in May and 13-21°C (55-70°F) in October. In reality, these moderate temperatures create perfect conditions for exploring ancient ruins and hiking the surrounding landscapes without excessive heat.

Avoiding summer crowds

July and August mark the peak tourist season in Assos, consequently bringing larger crowds to popular attractions. During these months, temperatures can reach highs of around 30°C (86°F), with July being the hottest month of the year. To clarify, if you prefer a more intimate experience with fewer tourists, aim for the shoulder seasons of May-June or September-October. These periods offer the dual benefits of comfortable weather, together with significantly reduced visitor numbers.

Seasonal events and festivals

As a result of limited information about specific festivals in Assos, visitors should inquire locally about cultural events. The picturesque village with its colorful houses and traditional tavernas likely hosts seasonal celebrations tied to local traditions, agriculture, or religious observances.

Accommodation availability by season

Finding accommodations during peak season (July-August) can be challenging as hotels and guesthouses often book up months in advance. Moreover, prices typically reach their highest during this period. Overall, booking during shoulder seasons not only ensures better availability but also more favorable rates. Given these points, travelers planning summer visits should secure accommodations well in advance, while those visiting in shoulder seasons can simultaneously enjoy better selection and value.

Living the Assos Experience

Beyond the ancient ruins and historical significance, Assos in Turkey offers enchanting experiences that captivate your senses and create lasting memories. The village atmosphere, coastal charm, and stunning vistas combine to make your visit truly special.

Strolling through Behramkale village

Behramkale (the official name of Assos) welcomes you with its tiny hill-top layout and steep, winding cobblestone streets. This protected area for over 30 years has preserved its old stone houses, creating a cozy village atmosphere. As you wander the narrow paths, you'll discover small eateries, souvenir shops, and local artists in their workshops. Throughout summer, stop to enjoy cold blackberry juice available at almost every corner - a refreshing treat after exploring the ancient ruins. Don't miss the Ottoman-era Hüdavendigar Mosque and Behramkale Bridge as you explore this charming settlement.

Dining by the harbor

The ancient harbor, known locally as İskele, stands as one of those rare places where extraordinary beauty exists in miniature. Fish restaurants line the waterfront, offering exceptional Turkish-Aegean cuisine. Uzun Ev and Assos Köyüm Restaurant rank among local favorites, with the latter's calamari praised as extraordinarily delicious. For a magical dining experience, choose a second-floor balcony table at restaurants like Teras Assos (Sappho) to enjoy sunset views while savoring fresh seafood. The combination of delectable food, attentive service, and affordable prices makes reservations essential at popular establishments.

Staying in traditional stone houses

Former acorn warehouses now serve as charming hotels along the harbor. These historic stone buildings provide atmospheric accommodations that connect you to the area's rich past. At Assos Yıldız Hotel, rustic-themed rooms in a historic family-run establishment offer terraces overlooking fishing boats. Other properties feature authentic designs that blend naturally with the village setting. The architecture itself becomes part of your experience, with many guests praising both building design and thoughtful decoration.

Sunsets and photography spots

Without question, the Temple of Athena provides the ultimate sunset viewing location in Assos. From this vantage point atop the acropolis, watch as golden light bathes the Edremit Bay, creating a breathtaking spectacle where history and natural beauty converge. This sunset spot has earned Assos recognition among Turkey's finest sunset destinations. Even without sunset, the panoramic views of the Gulf and nearby Lesbos island offer excellent photography opportunities throughout the day.

Beyond Assos: Day Trips and Nature Escapes

While Assos captivates with its ancient charm, the surrounding region beckons with natural wonders and cultural treasures. Using this historic site as your base, embark on memorable excursions that showcase the diversity of Turkey's northwestern coast.

Mount Ida and Kaz Dağları National Park

Known in ancient mythology as Mount Ida, Kaz Dağları rises majestically to 1,774 meters just north of Assos. This national park, established in 1994, boasts extraordinary biodiversity with approximately 800 plant species belonging to 101 families. Of these, 29 are endemic to the region, making it one of Turkey's most important floristic areas.

The park's U-shaped Şahin River canyon acts as a natural chimney, creating a unique microclimate with exceptionally high oxygen content, second only to the Alps worldwide. This pristine air quality makes the area ideal for visitors with respiratory conditions.

For nature enthusiasts, the park offers:

• Hiking trails through pine, larch, and beech forests
• The picturesque Sütüven Waterfall plunges 17 meters
• Hasanboğuldu pond with its romantic local legends

Island hopping to Lesbos and Chios

Alternatively, maritime adventures await across the Aegean. The Greek island of Lesbos (Mytilene) is visible from Assos, creating perfect opportunities for international island hopping. From the sacred place dedicated to Zeus on Mount Ida, you can simultaneously admire Mytilene, Cunda Island, and Ayvalik stretching along the horizon.

Exploring the Troad region

The surrounding Troad region (land of Troy) offers rich archeological experiences. Visit the legendary city of Troy, located about 65 kilometers north of Assos. Naturally, the Kazdağı area entices hikers with several notable trails – the challenging Sarikiz Summit Trail rewards with panoramic views of the Gulf of Edremit, yet the gentler Karabiga Trail meanders through picturesque villages and olive groves.

Birdwatching and coastal drives

Given the ecological diversity, this region ranks among Turkey's premier birdwatching destinations. The varied habitats from mountains to coastline support numerous bird species. Enthusiasts rate several trails highly, with Kaçkar Mountains Traverse offering the most elevation gain at 1,139 meters. For a more relaxed experience, enjoy scenic coastal drives along the Aegean, where the road between Assos and Kuçukkuyu winds through olive groves with occasional glimpses of the sparkling sea.

Assos stands as a remarkable testament to the enduring layers of history that define Turkey's Aegean coast. Throughout this journey, you've discovered a destination where ancient Greek philosophy once flourished under Aristotle's guidance, Roman engineering created lasting monuments, and Ottoman architecture added another distinctive chapter to the story.

Few places offer such a perfect blend of historical significance and natural beauty. The Temple of Athena rewards your climb with breathtaking panoramic views across the Aegean Sea, while the ancient theater reminds you of performances that entertained thousands over two millennia ago.

Beyond the ruins themselves, Behramkale village captivates visitors with its authentic charm and traditional stone houses. After exploring the archeological wonders, you can savor fresh seafood at harborside restaurants as fishing boats bob gently in the same waters that once welcomed ancient Greek traders.

Assos certainly deserves its reputation as a hidden gem along Turkey's northwestern coast. This special place allows you to walk literally through time while experiencing both its historical significance and living culture. Whether you come for the ancient ruins, spectacular sunsets, or surrounding natural wonders like Kaz Dağları National Park, Assos promises an unforgettable experience that combines the best of Greek history with traditional Turkish hospitality.

Your journey through Assos might end, but the memories of standing among ancient columns while gazing across the Aegean will undoubtedly remain. This remarkable corner of Turkey reminds us how history, nature, and culture intertwine to create something truly extraordinary.

FAQs

Q1. What makes Assos in Turkey a must-visit destination? 

Assos offers a unique blend of ancient Greek history and Turkish charm. It features well-preserved ruins, including the Temple of Athena, a picturesque harbor, traditional stone houses, and breathtaking views of the Aegean Sea. The town's rich historical significance, combined with its natural beauty, makes it a hidden gem on Turkey's Aegean coast.

Q2. How can I reach Assos? 

Assos is accessible by car, about 5 hours from Istanbul or 3.5 hours from Izmir. You can also take public transport, using a combination of buses and minibusses from nearby cities. The nearest airports are Balıkesir Koca Seyit Airport (60 km away) and Çanakkale Airport (90 km away).

Q3. What are the must-see attractions in Assos?

 Key attractions include the Temple of Athena, offering panoramic views of the Aegean; the ancient theater; the necropolis with its sarcophagi; and the Ottoman-era Hüdavendigar Mosque. Don't miss strolling through Behramkale village and enjoying a meal at one of the harbor-side restaurants.

Q4. Where can I find the best views in Assos?

 The Temple of Athena, perched atop the Acropolis, offers the most spectacular views, especially at sunset. From here, you can see the Aegean Sea, nearby islands, and the surrounding landscape. Many restaurants in the harbor area also provide beautiful vistas.

Q5. What day trips can I take from Assos?

 Assos serves as an excellent base for exploring the region. You can visit Mount Ida (Kaz Dağları National Park) for hiking and nature experiences, take a boat trip to nearby Greek islands like Lesbos, explore the ancient city of Troy, or enjoy scenic coastal drives along the Aegean.